![]() This situation was primarily caused by the increase in air temperature, and also related with the size of glacier and some local topographic parameters. In comparison to previous inventories, glacier area was found to shrink by 396.89 km2 (20.5%) in total, and 446 glaciers with an area of 44.79 km2 disappeared over the period from the 1960s to 2015. In order to understand the current state of glaciers in the Qilian Mountains, we compiled a new inventory of glaciers in the region using Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI) images acquired in 2015, and identified 2748 glaciers that covered an area of 1539.30 ± 49.50 km2 with an ice volume of 81.69 ± 7.40 km3, among which the Shule River basin occupied the largest portion of glaciers (24.8% in number, 32.3% in area, and 35.6% in ice volume). Over the last few decades, glaciers have generally shrunk across the globe due to climate warming. Glaciers in the Qilian Mountains are important sources of fresh-water for sustainable development in the Hexi Corridor in the arid northwest China. This approach shows that episodes of moraine formation vary temporally between individual outlet glaciers of Hardangerjøkulen, suggesting that the moraine record of a single outlet glacier alone may not be sufficient to derive an icefield-wide picture of past ice advances, and thereby climate fluctuations. ![]() Third, we present a relative dating approach, based on the known age of the different icefield outlines, that allows bracketing ages to be assigned to all ice-marginal landforms between any two outlines. Icefield recession has been greatest since the end of the 20th century, when rates of areal shrinkage increased to 6.5–10% 10 a –1 in 1995–2010, and the rate of average terminus retreat accelerated to 17 m a –1 in 2003–2010. This reveals a substantial reduction in icefield size, with a total area loss of 41 km ² (37% 2% 10 a –1 ) by 2010 and a cumulative frontal retreat averaging 1.3 km (29% 5 m a –1 ) by 2013. Second, we compile a set of remotely sensed icefield outlines from successive time points in the 20th and 21st century to calculate icefield area and length change since the LIA. Existing LIA model simulations of Hardangerjøkulen are not yet fully able to reproduce our reconstructed extent. Ice-marginal moraines, glacial drift limits, trimlines, and identifiable erosion and weathering boundaries provide evidence of a LIA icefield with an area of 110 km ². First, we reconstruct Hardangerjøkulen’s maximum LIA extent (~AD 1750) and subsequent recession based on the glacial landform record and aided by historical map interpretation. To that end, we examine the evolution of the plateau icefield Hardangerjøkulen since the LIA. The maximum ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA) glacier extent provides a significant baseline to assess long-term glacier change and to place currently observed rates of glacier recession in a broader temporal context. ![]() The findings suggest that the glacier tourism industry can reduce its vulnerability to climate change through increased collaboration between tourism operators and climate and tourism researchers. ![]() We discuss the relevance of the resilience concept in the tourism industry and recommend that tourists' experiences should be enhanced by applying the findings of research on tourists' motivations and landscape perception and developing more adaptation-oriented research. ![]() It also identifies some impacts of climate change on the glacier tourism industry as well as 27 adaptation strategies to climatic change, which are classified under seven main themes: changes to access, activities, tourism planning, educational activities, temporal substitutions, spatial substitutions, and glacier shrinkage attenuation. The review shows that glacier tourism research publications increased between 20. Thus, through a literature review of 61 glacier peer-reviewed papers, this paper highlights the advancement in research on glacier tourism and provides some basis for understanding stakeholders' adaptation strategies to climate change. However, research on stakeholders' adaptation to climatic change and its threat to the industry on tourism niche is currently inadequate. Globally, tourism is being deeply impacted by glacial retreat caused by climate change. ![]()
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